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MRNA vaccine

mRNA in vitro transcription, innate and adaptive immunity activation

An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response.[1] The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into immune cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus) or by a cancer cell. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response that teaches the body to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells.[1] The mRNA is delivered by a co-formulation of the RNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that protect the RNA strands and help their absorption into the cells.[2][3]

Video showing how vaccination with an mRNA vaccine works

Reactogenicity, the tendency of a vaccine to produce adverse reactions, is similar to that of conventional non-RNA vaccines.[4] People susceptible to an autoimmune response may have an adverse reaction to messenger RNA vaccines.[4] The advantages of mRNA vaccines over traditional vaccines are ease of design, speed and lower cost of production, the induction of both cellular and humoral immunity, and lack of interaction with the genomic DNA.[5][6] While some messenger RNA vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, have the disadvantage of requiring ultracold storage before distribution,[1] other mRNA vaccines, such as the Moderna vaccine, or the Walvax COVID-19 vaccine used in Indonesia (and the now abandoned CureVac vaccine candidate, as well), do not have such requirements.[7][8]

In RNA therapeutics, messenger RNA vaccines have attracted considerable interest as COVID-19 vaccines.[1] In December 2020, Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna obtained authorization for their mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. On 2 December, the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) became the first medicines regulator to approve an mRNA vaccine, authorizing the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine for widespread use.[9][10][11] On 11 December, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine[12][13] and a week later similarly authorized the Moderna vaccine.[14][15] In 2023 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their discoveries concerning modified nucleosides that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.[16][17][18]

  1. ^ a b c d Park KS, Sun X, Aikins ME, Moon JJ (December 2020). "Non-viral COVID-19 vaccine delivery systems". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 169: 137–51. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.008. PMC 7744276. PMID 33340620.
  2. ^ Kowalski PS, Rudra A, Miao L, Anderson DG (April 2019). "Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery". Mol Ther. 27 (4): 710–28. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012. PMC 6453548. PMID 30846391.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Verbeke_20192 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ PHG Foundation (2019). "RNA vaccines: an introduction". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  6. ^ Kramps T, Elders K (2017). "Introduction to RNA Vaccines". RNA Vaccines: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1499. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6481-9_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-6479-6. PMID 27987140.
  7. ^ Crommelin DJ, Anchordoquy TJ, Volkin DB, Jiskoot W, Mastrobattista E (March 2021). "Addressing the Cold Reality of mRNA Vaccine Stability". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 110 (3): 997–1001. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.006. ISSN 0022-3549. PMC 7834447. PMID 33321139.
  8. ^ "Mexico to start late-stage clinical trial for China's mRNA COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  9. ^ "UK authorises Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine" (Press release). Department of Health and Social Care. 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  10. ^ Boseley S, Halliday J (2 December 2020). "UK approves Pfizer/BioNTech Covid vaccine for rollout next week". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Conditions of Authorisation for Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine" (Decision). Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  12. ^ "FDA Takes Key Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for First COVID-19 Vaccine". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 11 December 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  13. ^ Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, Wallace M, Curran KG, Chamberland M, et al. (December 2020). "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020" (PDF). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69 (50): 1922–24. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2. PMC 7745957. PMID 33332292. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  14. ^ "FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 18 December 2020. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  15. ^ Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, Wallace M, Curran KG, Chamberland M, et al. (January 2021). "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020" (PDF). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69 (5152): 1653–56. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm695152e1. PMC 9191904. PMID 33382675. S2CID 229945697. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  16. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  17. ^ "Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel for COVID-19 vaccine discoveries". Reuters. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  18. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 3 October 2023.

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